Why Biological Systems Suddenly Change State: An Intuitive Guide to Freidlin–Wentzell Theory

-
Image
  Stochasticity is ubiquitous in biology and neuroscience, manifesting in various forms, including ion channel noise, synaptic variability, gene regulatory fluctuations, noisy population dynamics, and more. Many biological systems spend long periods in a stable “state” and only rarely transition to another state due to noise. For instance, a neuron typically remains inactive but may occasionally trigger a spontaneous spike. Similarly, a gene can switch from the OFF state to the ON state due to rare bursts of transcription factors. Cells can also transition out of metabolic or epigenetic states, populations might shift between different ecological equilibria, and a viral infection can fluctuate between phases of control and uncontrollability. Freidlin–Wentzell theory provides a mathematically rigorous framework to study these phenomena when noise is small but nonzero . It tells you, firstly, h ow likely rare transitions are,    secondly,   h ow fast they occ...
Post a Comment

The coffers of the central banks are empty. The collapse of the price of gold has been planned

-
Eric Sprott, fund manager [1], argues that the current collapse in the value of gold has been long planned by the central banks of the United States and Europe, to take advantage of low prices and fill bullion safes now empty.

 According to Sprott, the coffers of Western central banks are empty and since the news should not have been disclosed, here that was organized a reduction in demand for gold in a very short period of time. At first brokers and western commercial banks have advised clients to sell gold. The institutions themselves have held their positions 'short' bearish on the COMEX. When bidding for the benchmark price of the precious metal has surged, the statements about a reduction in the extent of monetary easing measures by the helmsmen of the lead institutions did the rest, driving down the prices. 

 Speculators such as hedge funds have opened an avalanche of short positions, futures markets have suffered a blow on the metal and gold stocks are at all-time lows. A global operation to increase the supply and to keep down the levels of demand. 
But now the central banks no longer have a way to still get off the price. Given the still high demand for bullion and the shortage on the supply side, Sprott believes that behind the collapse of temporary gold there was a hand of Western central banks. Have flooded the Compex (the market is not physical gold) and then rake ingots from other sources available at low prices. A clear signal that central banks are running out of gold.

1. Eric Sprott

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Understanding Anaerobic Threshold (VT2) and VO2 Max in Endurance Training

-
Image
  Introduction: The Science Behind Ventilatory Thresholds VT1 vs. VT2: Defining Energy Transitions p (Aerobic Threshold) : The transition from lipid metawwwpp (fat-burning) to a mixed metabolism, where both carbohydrates and fats fuel muscle activity. V0T2 (Anaerobic Threshold) : The point where the  shifts to a predominantly carbohydrate-based wmetabolism , leading to rapid lactate waccumpulation and increased reliance on anaerobic energy pathways. www w In p VT1 and VT2 Wwww ewAgep & Sex Younger athletes generally exhibit higher VT2 values , while aging naturally reduces aerobicw capacity. Men tend to have a higher VO2 Max due to greater lung capacity and muscle mass, but women can achieve similar endurance levels through optimized training. Body Composition & Health Status High body fat percentage may reduce VT2 efficiency, as excess weight increases ...
Read more

Owen's Function: A Simple Solution to Complex Problems

-
Definition   If you are interested in statistics or probability, you may have encountered the Owen's function , a special function that arises in various applications involving bivariate normal distributions. Let’s explain what Owen's function is, how it is defined and notated, and why it is useful.  The Owen's function is defined as follows: for any real numbers h and a, Owen's function T(h,a) is given by T ( h , a ) = 1 2 π · ∫ 0 a exp ( - h 2 2 · ( 1 ...
Read more

Cell Count Analysis with cycleTrendR

-
Image
  1. Introduction Long‑term monitoring of adherent cell cultures (e.g., Vero, MDCK) is central to vaccine development, viral propagation, and QC workflows in CRO environments. Standard analyses typically focus on short‑term growth metrics such as doubling time, confluence progression, and endpoint viability. While informative, these metrics overlook slow drifts, cyclic environmental influences, and structural transitions that emerge over multi‑day or multi‑week monitoring. Operational routines (e.g., weekly medium changes), environmental oscillations (e.g., daily temperature cycles), and metabolic rhythms can introduce periodic components into cell‑density trajectories. These patterns are rarely analyzed explicitly, despite their potential impact on viral yield, infection kinetics, and batch‑to‑batch reproducibility. This post demonstrates how cycleTrendR can extract long‑term trends, dominant cycles, and structural transitions from a realistically simulated adherent cell‑co...
Read more